Tugas Ilmu Sosial Dasar Minggu 2 (Mashadi Said, Dr.)

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Batak Ethnic (Sumatera) - Indonesia.

Batak is a collective term used to identify a number of ethnic groups found in the highlands of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Their heartland lies to the west of MedanLake Toba. In fact the "Batak" include several groups with distinct, albeit related, languages and customs (adat). While the term is used to include the Toba, Karo, Dairi, Simalungun, Angkola, Alas-Kluet and Mandailing. centred on

Batak societies are patriarchal organized along clans known as Marga. The Toba Batak believe that they originate from one ancestor "Si Raja Batak", with all Margas, descended from him. A family tree that defines the father-son relationship among Batak people is called tarombo. Toba Batak are known traditionally for their weaving, wood carving and especially ornate stone tombs. Their burial and marriage traditions are very rich and complex. The burial tradition includes a ceremony in which the bones of one's ancestors are reinterred several years after death. This secondary burial is known among the Toba Batak as (mangongkal holi).

In language,Batak speak a variety of closely related languages, all members of the Austronesian language family. There are two major branches, a northern branch comprising the Dairi, Alas-Kluet and Karo languages that are similar to each other but distinctly different from the languages of the southern branch comprising three mutually intelligible dialects: Toba, Angkola and Mandailing. Simalungun is an early offspring of the southern branch. Some Simalungun dialects can be understood by speakers of Batak Karo whereas other dialects of Simalungun can be understood by speakers of Toba. This is due to the existence of a linguistic continuum that often blurs the lines between the Batak dialects.

Madurese Ethnic (Madura) - Indonesia.

The Madurese aka Orang Madura and Suku Madura are an ethnic group originally from the island of Madura but now found in many parts of Indonesia, where they are the third-largest ethnic group by population. Common features of most Madurese throughout the archipelago include Islamic religion and the use of the Madurese language.

Family is important to the Madurese and they commonly live in villages that function around an Islamic religious center. According to Islamic law, a man may have more than one wife. Marriage proposals are usually made by the groom's parents, preferably to a first or second cousin. If the proposal is accepted, the bride's parents are then presented with the "bride price", which is usually cattle. The groom's parents then set the date for the upcoming wedding. Newlywed couples often live with the bride's family.

Because the island of Madura has very poor soil, farming is not important in Madurese culture. As a result, the Madurese tend not to farm on other islands with very good soil, such as Java, and opt to herd cattle, fish, or sail instead. A common nickname for the Madurese is "cowboys" of Indonesia. Cattle are an important part of the culture, and bull-racing is one of their favorite sports.

The Java Ethnic.

Surakarta, which is known as Solo for its name, is a small city that is full of cultures and traditions. In this city, language is very complex. It has different way on speaking between the elder and the person who has the same age or position. In speaking with the elder we have to use a polite language called as krama inggil. It will be different when we speak to a person in the same age, which is called as ngoko. For example, the word “eat” should be said dhahar when we speak to the elder or a person who has higher position in order to show a respect. But, speaking to friends who have same age, that is no problem to say mangan or we can say nedha for more polite.

Besides that Solo has its own attractive ceremony, which is held every year. These ceremonies are held by Surakarta Palace that is known as Keraton Surakarta Hadiningrat that has two kings right now. Most of these ceremonies are still full of mystics and sacred that can be seen from the rituals. Solonese or even Javanese still believe that there are strong powers though science and technology have been developed.

In Javanese community, based on traditions, a pregnant woman or wife should be celebrated with various kinds of feast and rituals. These should be done so that she can give a birth to a child easily and safely and the newly-born will get happy life later.

The Bali Ethnic.

At one time the island of Bali was occupied by a unique ethnic group, the members of which, filed and blackened their teeth. They lived in small communities - family clans ruled by a council of elders who were also priests of their religion, which centered on the worship of powerful forces of nature, and especially those of their ancestors, with whom they continued to live as a great family of both the dead and the living.
Occasionally, by means of sacrifice, they brought their ancestral spirits down to Earth to protect them. They buried their dead or simply abandoned them in the jungle to be carried away by the spirits, and it is possible that they ate parts of the bodies in order to absorb the magic power inherent in their ancient headmen.

The uniqueness of Tenganan to this day provides a considerable draw card for tourists, foreign and domestic alike, who come to witness the ancient and original Balinese who continue to practice their unique culture to this day. One of the local customs that has been particularly popular among tourists is that of the ritual blood sacrifice; in which all the locals get involved in an annual ritual combat. Using thorny pandan leaves, each combatant hits their opponent with the aim of drawing blood. Locally known as "mekare kare", the ritual fight is held whenever there is a temple ceremony is Tenganan, which tends to fall in the fifth month of the Balinese calendar.

This duel must be real fighting and of course one of two must injure and draw blood from the other. So all the participants must be well - prepared. They carry weapons including a shield made from woven rotan and a bundle of thorny pandan leaves, which are used to scratch the opponent's skin until bleeding.
Before this ritual duel begins, participants drink rice wine or the local palm known as tuak. In this context, drinking is a symbol of brotherhood and sportsmanship. When the selonding music sounds everybody cheers and shouts and some even yell insults at their opponents in order to instill fear in them.

Minahasa Ethnic (Sulawesi) - Indonesia.

The Minahasa (alternative spelling: Minahassa or Mina hasa) are an ethnic group located in the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia (in past called by Portuguese as North Selebes). The Minahasa speak Minahasan languages and Manado MalayMinahasa Malay), a language closely related to the Malay language. (also known as

In the following years, more groups came to Minahasa. There were:

• people from the islands of Maju and Tidore who landed in Atep. These people were the ancestors of the subethnic Tonsawang.
• people from Tomori Bay. These were the ancestors of the subethnic Pasam-bangko (Ratahan dan Pasan)
• people from Bolaang Mangondow who were the ancestors of Ponosakan (Belang).
• people from the Bacan archipelago and Sangi, who then occupied Lembeh, Talisei Island, Manado Tua, Bunaken and Mantehage. These were the subethnic Bobentehu (Bajo). They landed in the place now called Sindulang. They then established a kingdom called Manado which ended in 1670 and became walak Manado.
• people from Toli-toli, who in the early 1700s landed first in Panimburan and then went to Bolaang-Mangondow
• and finally to the place where Malalayang is now located. These people were the ancestors of the subethnic Bantik.

These are the nine subethnic groups in Minahasa (which explains the number 9 in Manguni Maka-9): Tonsea, Tombulu, Tontemboan, Tondano, Tonsawang, Pasan Ratahan, Ponosakan, Babontehu and Bantik.

The name Minahasa itself arose at the time the Minahasans fought against Bolaang Mangondow. Among the Minahasan heroes in these wars against Bolaang Mangondow are: Porong, Wenas, Dumanaw and Lengkong (in the war near Lilang village), Gerungan, Korengkeng, Walalangi (near Panasen, Tondano), Wungkar, Sayow, Lumi, and Worotikan (in the war along Amurang Bay).

Until the dominance of Dutch influence in the 17th and 18th century the Minahassans lived in warrior societies that practised headhunting.

Asmat Ethnic (Papua) - Indonesia.

The Asmat are an ethnic group of New Guinea, residing in the Papua province of Indonesia. Possessing one of the most well-known and vibrant woodcarvingPacific, their art is sought by collectors worldwide. The Asmat inhabit a region on the island's southwestern coast bordering the Arafura Sea, with lands totaling approximately 19,000 square kilometres and consisting of mangrove, tidal swamp, freshwater swamp, and lowland rainforest. The land of Asmat is located both within and adjacent to Lorentz National Park and World Heritage Site, the largest protected area in the Asia-Pacific region. The total Asmat population is estimated to be around 70,000. The term "Asmat" is used to refer both to the people and the region they inhabit. traditions in the

Traditionally, many Asmat men practiced polygyny by marrying more than one woman. In many cases, men were expected to marry a male relative's wife if that male relative died (otherwise the woman and her children would be left without a source of protection or economic support). Schneebaum reported^[1] that many Asmat men had long-term ritual sexual/friendship relationships (mbai) with other men, although the prevalence of this practice has been disputed by others. In the mbai system, male partners were also known to share their wives in a practice called papitsj^[1]. It is probable that missionary influence in the last several decades has reduced the occurrence of both mbai and papitsj.

Asmat may be thought of as an umbrella term for twelve different ethnic sub-groups with shared linguistic and cultural affinities and sense of shared identity. These twelve Asmat groups include Joirat, Emari Ducur, Bismam, Becembub, Simai, Kenekap, Unir Siran, Unir Epmak, Safan, Aramatak, Bras, and Yupmakcain. Further complicating the issue, these groups speak approximately five dialects (Casuarina Coast Asmat, Yaosakor Asmat, Central Asmat, North Asmat, Citak). However, at some important level these groups share a sense of identity and would likely refer to themselves as "Asmat".